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6Counterfactual · Promotions

Promotion Optimization

Among notification-eligible users, will they purchase within 4 days — assuming they receive a push notification?

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A real-world example

Among notification-eligible users, will they purchase within 4 days — assuming they receive a push notification?

Marketing claims push notifications drive purchases, but how much is actually caused by the notification vs. would have happened anyway? Traditional A/B tests are slow, expensive, and measure only average treatment effects — missing the per-user variation that determines whether a promotion creates value or just gives away margin.

How KumoRFM solves this

Relational intelligence for optimal actions

Kumo's ASSUMING clause enables counterfactual prediction: compare the predicted purchase probability with vs. without a push notification for each user. This per-user causal uplift identifies the 30% of promotions that actually drive incremental purchases — and the 70% where the customer would have bought anyway. No holdout group needed, no weeks of waiting.

From data to predictions

See the full pipeline in action

Connect your tables, write a PQL query, and get predictions with built-in explainability — all in minutes, not months.

1

Your data

The relational tables Kumo learns from

USERS

user_idnotif_eligiblesignup_date
U-400112025-06-15
U-400212025-09-22
U-400312026-01-03
U-400412025-03-10
U-400512025-12-01

PURCHASES

purchase_iduser_idamounttimestamp
PUR-501U-4001$892026-02-20
PUR-502U-4002$1452026-02-22
PUR-503U-4001$622026-03-01
PUR-504U-4004$2102026-02-28
PUR-505U-4003$352026-03-05

NOTIFICATIONS

notif_iduser_idtypetimestamp
NTF-601U-4001PUSH2026-02-19
NTF-602U-4002PUSH2026-02-21
NTF-603U-4003EMAIL2026-03-04
NTF-604U-4004PUSH2026-02-27
NTF-605U-4005PUSH2026-03-01
2

Write your PQL query

Describe what to predict in 2–3 lines — Kumo handles the rest

PQL
PREDICT COUNT(PURCHASES.*, 1, 4, days) > 0
FOR EACH USERS.USER_ID
WHERE USERS.NOTIF_ELIGIBLE = 1
ASSUMING COUNT(NOTIFICATIONS.*
    WHERE NOTIFICATIONS.TYPE = 'PUSH',
    0, 1, days) > 0
3

Prediction output

Every entity gets a score, updated continuously

USER_IDTrue_PROB (with push)True_PROB (without)Uplift
U-40010.820.78+0.04
U-40020.710.35+0.36
U-40030.640.61+0.03
U-40040.550.52+0.03
U-40050.480.12+0.36
4

Understand why

Every prediction includes feature attributions — no black boxes

User U-4002

Predicted: Uplift = +0.36 (high causal impact)

Top contributing features

No organic purchase pattern — buys only after push (PURCHASES)

0 unprompted

35% attribution

Push open rate = 92% (NOTIFICATIONS)

92% opened

28% attribution

Signup recency < 6 months (USERS)

5.5 months

22% attribution

Peer users with similar behavior show high uplift (graph)

78% peer uplift

15% attribution

Feature attributions are computed automatically for every prediction. No separate tooling required. Learn more about Kumo explainability

Bottom line: Identify which 30% of promotions actually drive incremental purchases. Remove friction for the 70% who would have bought anyway. Save $2-5M in wasted promotional spend while maintaining the same revenue.

Topics covered

promotion optimization AIcounterfactual predictioncausal uplift modelingpush notification effectivenessincremental purchase predictionASSUMING PQLgraph neural network upliftKumoRFM

One Platform. One Model. Predict Instantly.

KumoRFM

Relational Foundation Model

Turn structured relational data into predictions in seconds. KumoRFM delivers zero-shot predictions that rival months of traditional data science. No training, feature engineering, or infrastructure required. Just connect your data and start predicting.

For critical use cases, fine-tune KumoRFM on your data using the Kumo platform and Data Science Agent for 30%+ higher accuracy than traditional models.

Book a demo and get a free trial of the full platform: data science agent, fine-tune capabilities, and forward-deployed engineer support.